Please respond using APA 7th Edition and 2-3 References. Must be at least 150 word reply.
Please name the potential most common sites for metastasis on J.C and why?In PDA, the liver is the most common site of metastasis (accounting for over 60% of the patients), followed by lung and peritoneum metastasis (around 30%) As evident by research, the formation of metastasis is an extremely complex process that can be conceptually divided into three main phases: which are the intravasation of cancer cells from the primary tumor into circulation, the dissemination and survival of circulating tumor cells in the bloodstream, and the survival and colonization of disseminated cells in the distant site. Being that the liver, lungs, and the peritoneum are bordering organs/tissues, the survival of these cells are likely. (Ayres Pereira & Chio, 2019)
What are tumor cell markers and why tumor cell markers are ordered for a patient with pancreatic cancer?According to the National Cancer Institute (2021), tumor markers have been traditionally noted as proteins or other substances that are made at higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells. These can be found in the blood, urine, stool, tumors, or other tissues or bodily fluids of some patients with cancer. Tumor markers are used to determine many things such as staging, prognosis, treatment success or failure, and even if the has been any return of the cancer. (Tumor markers, 2021) For assessing the prognosis of, and therapeutic monitoring for pancreatic cancer patients because tumor marker in these situations are more valuable than other modalities including imaging diagnosis. (Okusaka et al., 2001)
Based on the case study described, proceed to classify the tumor based on the TNM Stage classification. Why this classification important?The classification of each tumor is important because the use of clinical stage is often a key part of deciding the best treatment options are and determines or becomes a useful tool to what the patient’s prognosis might be. With pathological staging, surgery may be used to determine if there’s a progression in disease. Restaging may happen, but physician’s use the TNM staging classifications to determine the assignment or staging of the cancer. (T) tumor considered the primary, the greater the number the larger in size of tumor/spread into nearby tissue growth, (N) nodes which is used to measure if the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes, the greater the number the more nearby lymph nodes are affected. (M) metastasis is the spread of the cancer from its origin. (Cancer staging, 2022) In this case study the staging classification is (T)4, (N)1, (M)1. (Pancreatic Cancer-Stages, 2022)
Discussed characteristic of malignant tumors regarding it cells, growth and ability to spread.The cell membrane plays an extremely important role in the malignization process. Surface molecular changes the proteins and carbohydrates that act as enzymes go through changes as well and can influence the evolution of a tumors. Cells grow continuously through proliferation, Benign growth is maintained within certain limits, while malignant growth is invasive, with quiet phases, followed by intense and uncontrollable growth phases, which causes the spread of malignant cells. (Baba AI, 2007)
Describe the carcinogenesis phase when a tumor metastasizes.The phase is the third stage which is called progression. According to the Weston and Harris (2003) in this phase, tumor progression comprises the expression of the malignant phenotype and the tendency of malignant cells to acquire more aggressive characteristics over time. When mentioning metastasis, it may involve the ability of tumor cells to secrete proteases that allow invasion beyond the immediate primary tumor location. During this process, further genetic and epigenetic changes can occur, again including the activation of protooncogenes and the functional loss of tumor suppressor genes. (Weston & Harris, 2003)
Choose the tissue level that is affected on the patient discussed above: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle or Neural. Support your answer.It seems as if the tissue level that may be affected is the Epithelial. The epithelial tissue refers to groups of cells that cover the exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands. In this case study the affected/cancerous sites are involved the lining/within the GI tract. (Biga et al., 2019)
References:
American Cancer Society. (2022). Cancer staging. American Cancer Society. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-you…
Ayres Pereira, M., & Chio, C. (2019, December 19). Metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current standing and methodologies. Genes. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC70166…
Baba AI, C. C. (2007). Tumor cell morphology – comparative oncology – NCBI bookshelf. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9553/
Biga, L. M., Dawson, S., Harwell, A., Hopkins, R., Kaufmann, J., LeMaster, M., Matern, P., Morrison-Graham, K., Quick, D., & Runyeon, J. (2019, September 26). 4.1 types of tissues. Anatomy Physiology. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/4…
Okusaka, T., Yamada, T., & Maekawa, M. (2001, November 30). Open access journals: Peer reviewed journals. Prime Scholars. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.primescholars.com/articles/serum-tumor-markers-for-pancreatic-cancer-the-dawn-of-new-era-98433.html#:~:text=The%20most%20commonly%20accepted%20uses,other%20modalities%20including%20imaging%20diagnosis.
Pancreatic cancer – stages. Cancer.Net. (2022, January 5). Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/pancreatic-can…
Tumor markers. National Cancer Institute. (2021, May). Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-stag…
Weston, A., & Harris, C. (2003). Multistage carcinogenesis – Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine – . NCBI bookshelf. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13982/